Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon on 20 July 1969 during NASA's Apollo 11 mission. Buzz Aldrin followed minutes later, while Michael Collins orbited above in the command module.

Pi is approximately 3.14, representing the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It is an irrational number, meaning its digits continue forever without repeating.

The skin is the body's largest organ, covering roughly 1.5 to 2 square metres in an adult. It protects against infection, regulates temperature, and lets us sense touch, heat, and cold.

The periodic table currently has 118 confirmed elements, from hydrogen (1) to oganesson (118). The four heaviest were officially added and named in 2016, completing the seventh row.

Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512, commissioned by Pope Julius II. Although he considered himself a sculptor first, his 'Creation of Adam' became one of the most iconic images in Western art.

During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, using sunlight to make food. This process is the foundation of most life on Earth and helps regulate the planet's atmosphere.

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still largely intact. Built around 2560 BC, it was the tallest man-made structure on Earth for nearly 4,000 years.

A standard guitar has six strings, typically tuned E-A-D-G-B-E. Bass guitars usually have four strings, while some specialised guitars have seven or even twelve.

The blue whale is the largest animal known to have ever existed, growing up to 30 metres long and weighing as much as 200 tonnes. Its heart alone can be the size of a small car.

Mount Everest is the tallest mountain above sea level, standing about 8,849 metres in the Himalayas. Measured from base to peak, however, Hawaii's Mauna Kea is actually taller, because most of it lies underwater.

The Summer Olympics are held every four years, a period known as an 'Olympiad'. The 2020 Tokyo Games were a rare exception, postponed to 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert, spanning about 9.2 million square kilometres across North Africa, roughly the size of the United States. Antarctica is technically the largest desert overall, but it is a cold desert.

India is now the world's most populous country, with over 1.4 billion people. It overtook China in 2023 as China's population began to decline, a historic shift confirmed by United Nations estimates and still the case in 2026.

Kangaroos are native to Australia and appear on the country's coat of arms. They are marsupials, meaning they carry their young in a pouch, and can cover up to 8 metres in a single hop.

The modern English alphabet has 26 letters, from A to Z. It is based on the Latin alphabet, and the letters J, U, and W were among the last to be added over the centuries.

Gold's chemical symbol is Au, from the Latin 'aurum', meaning shining dawn. Silver, by contrast, is Ag (from 'argentum'), which is why several symbols don't match their English names.

The adult human body has 206 bones. Babies are born with about 300, but many fuse together during childhood, such as the bones of the skull and spine.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest, covering about a third of the Earth's surface, bigger than all the land on the planet combined. It also contains the Mariana Trench, the deepest known point in any ocean.

The body makes vitamin D when skin is exposed to sunlight, specifically UVB rays. Often called the 'sunshine vitamin', it is essential for healthy bones because it helps the body absorb calcium.

The capital of Australia is Canberra, not Sydney or Melbourne. It was purpose-built as a compromise capital in 1913 because Sydney and Melbourne both wanted the honour. Today it houses Parliament House and the nation's key government institutions.

Light travels at approximately 300,000 kilometres per second (299,792 km/s to be precise) in a vacuum. This is the universe's ultimate speed limit; nothing with mass can reach it.

Mars is called the Red Planet because its surface is rich in iron oxide (rust), giving it a reddish glow. It is the fourth planet from the Sun and home to Olympus Mons, the tallest volcano in the solar system.

William Shakespeare wrote 'Romeo and Juliet' in the 1590s. The tragedy of two young star-crossed lovers remains one of the most performed and adapted plays in the world.

World War II ended in 1945, with Victory in Europe Day in May and Japan's surrender in September after the atomic bombings. The war's end reshaped global politics and led to the founding of the United Nations that same year.

Alexander Graham Bell is credited with inventing the telephone, receiving the first patent in 1876. Italian inventor Antonio Meucci had developed a similar device earlier, and his contribution was formally recognised by the US Congress in 2002.